Rams boss Steve McClaren has moved for the shot-stopper on a 28-day deal after regular No1 Lee Grant suffered an injury.
Butland, who was captain of Gareth Southgate's side that secured qualification to Euro 2015 last week, could make his debut away at Blackpool on Tuesday night.
Jack Butland captained the Under-21s to victory over Croatia
He has effectively been Stoke’s third-choice keeper this season as he found himself behind Asmir Begovic and Thomas Sorensen.
And with Grant struggling with an ankle problem, the 21-year-old will get some much-needed game time in the Championship.
He joined the Potters from Birmingham City for £3.25m back in January 2013, but he has made just three Premier League starts for them in that time.
Butland, who has represented his country at U16, U17, U19, U20 and senior level too, had spells on loan at Barnsley and Leeds United last season.
