The team was unveiled by the Professional Footballers' Association ahead of their annual awards on Sunday night, where Kane and Raheem Sterling are in the frame for Player of the Year prizes.
England trio Cahill, Bertrand and Kane were selected from a PFA shortlist by fellow Premier League players after impressive seasons for their clubs.
PFA Premier League Team of the Year 2015
Three Lions vice-captain Cahill has been a regular part of Chelsea's rock-solid back-four and is on course to lift the Premier League title with the Blues, who sit nine points clear at the top of the table.
His Chelsea team-mate and former England skipper John Terry has also been chosen along with four others from Stamford Bridge - Branislav Ivanovic, Nemanja Matic, Eden Hazard and Diego Costa.
Southampton left-back Bertrand moved to the Saints from Chelsea last summer, initially on loan before making the deal permanent in February.
His displays at St. Mary's have earned praise from his peers and also international recognition after he collected his third England cap playing for Roy Hodgson's men against Italy in March.
After bursting onto the scene with 20 Premier League goals this season, Kane's selection will come as no surprise.
The 21-year-old Tottenham Hotspur striker also scored on his England debut last month and could be celebrating another award again Sunday night - his name is on the shortlist for both main PFA Awards.
PFA Women's Super League Team of the Year 2015
As well as the Premier League, the teams for each division in the Football League and the Women's Super League teams of the year were also announced.
England Under-21s midfielder Alex Pritchard, who has spent the season on loan at Brentford from Tottenham, is in the Championship eleven, while another Spurs loanee, Dele Alli, is in the League One team for his performances at MK Dons.
Under-20s midfielder Matt Grimes was named in the League Two team thanks to an impressive first half of the season at Exeter City, before he was snapped up by Swansea City in the January transfer window.
The WSL team is also loaded with members of Mark Sampson's World Cup hopefuls. England Women's stars chosen include Casey Stoney, Jill Scott, Karen Carney and Eni Aluko.
